the following describe internal states of symptoms except

The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. Thus we sleep in safe areas to reduce the chance of harm. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. Reduced urine. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. It is also associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible. Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. Mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists, and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. Psychometric analysis indicates that the ISS is composed of four principle components, producing four subscales. Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. Think meditation might help? Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). Delusions. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate. Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. d. both b and c. 2. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. Upon a search of the premises, police found blood-stained clothes and a bloody knife in the trunk of Falaters car, and he had blood stains on his neck. One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Treatment. . In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). The heart rate slows . Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. Confusion. The pituitary gland also secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes (Bartke, Sun, & Longo, 2013). Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? For example, Hobson (2009) suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked.

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