chechnya muslim population

The most notable difference in this dialect is the addition of the letters "", "" and "" One of the notable Chechen resistance fighters at the end of the 19th century was a Chechen abrek Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev and his comrade-in-arms Ingush abrek Sulom-Beck Sagopshinski. The Chechens bear the distinction of being one of the few peoples to successfully resist the Mongols and defend themselves against their invasions; not once, but twice, though this came at great cost to them, as their states were utterly destroyed.

they (the Alans) put up courageous resistance and killed many Tatars, including many noble ones. This twelve year old siege is not found in any other report, however the Russian historian A.I. [31][32] Chechen manuscripts in Arabic from the early 1820s do mention a certain Nakhchuvan (near modern-day Kazman, Turkey) as the homeland of all Nakhchiy. [19] The Armenian Chronicles mention that the Durdzuks defeated Scythians and became a significant power in the region in the first millennium BC. Homeland? Such things cant be found even in fancy The tsarists' regime used a different approach at the end of the 1860s. [81] Angered by Chechen raids, Yermolov resorted to a brutal policy of "scorched earth" and deportations; he also founded the fort of Grozny (now the capital of Chechnya) in 1818. Chechen belongs to the Vaynakh or North-central Caucasian language family, which also includes Ingush and Batsb. _______________________________________ On 9 May 2004, Kadyrov was assassinated in Grozny football stadium by a landmine explosion that was planted beneath a VIP stage and detonated during a parade, and Sergey Abramov was appointed acting prime minister after the incident. [64] The insurgency in the North Caucasus continued even after this date. . . Chechen society is structured around tukkhums (unions of clans) and about 130 teips, or clans.

XVIIIXIX . Xinjiang borders Pakistan and Afghanistan, Islamic extremism was inevitable just like Indian Kashmir. ", The Chechen Terror: The Play within the Play, Vyacheslav Mironov. According to The Georgian Chronicles, before his death, Targamos [Togarmah] divided the country amongst his sons, with Kavkasos [Caucas], the eldest and most noble, receiving the Central Caucasus. This was perhaps a majority of their total population", Dunlop, Chapter 2 "Soviet Genocide", particularly pp. The name Chechen was however already used since as early as 1692. In the 14th and 15th centuries, there was frequent warfare between the Chechens, Tamerlan and Tokhtamysh, culminating in the Battle of the Terek River. [80] Sheikh Mansur led a major Chechen resistance movement in the late 18th century. [108], On 11 January 2019, it was reported that another 'gay purge' had begun in the country in December 2018, with several gay men and women being detained. The [25] Most of the population follows either the Shafi'i or the Hanafi,[111] schools of jurisprudence, fiqh. 43.3 45.866667. One such battle was the Battle of Khachara between Gheza and the rival Avar Khanate that tried to exert influence on Chechnya. Chechnya's Exodus to Europe, North Caucasus Weekly Volume: 9 Issue: 3, Note that the actual amount of Chechens living in the United States is higher, as they are categorized as. [A] few fighters aside, the entire Chechen and Ingush nations, 496,460 people, were deported from their homeland. Despite overwhelming numerical superiority in men, weaponry, and air support, the Russian forces were unable to establish effective permanent control over the mountainous area due to numerous successful full-scale battles and insurgency raids. Location: The Chechen Republic is nestled in the North Caucasus Mountains in southeast Europe. . [84] Ichkeria also received vocal support from the Baltic countries, a group of Ukrainian nationalists, and Poland; Estonia once voted to recognize, but the act never was followed through due to pressure applied by both Russia and the EU.[84][85][86]. 7071 ("How many died?"). ", "Ukraine lawmakers brand Chechnya 'Russian-occupied' in dig at Kremlin", Government efforts help only some IDPs rebuild their lives, Chechnya: Research Shows Widespread and Systematic Use of Torture, Worst of the Worst: The World's Most Repressive Societies, "Slain Exile Detailed Cruelty of the Ruler of Chechnya", Russian Federation Rule Without Law: Human Rights violations in the North Caucasus, "You Dress According to Their Rules" Enforcement of an Islamic Dress Code for Women in Chechnya, " : " ", Chechen President Kadyrov Defends Honor Killings, " . This is often combined with old values transmuted into a modern sense. ]. The birth rate was 25.41 in 2004. Total revenue of the budget of Chechnya for 2017 was 59.2 billion rubles.

Naskhish, a dialect spoken to the northeast of Chechnya. The two Sufi tariqas that spread in the North Caucasus were the Naqshbandiyya and the Qadiriyya (the Naqshbandiyya is particularly strong in Dagestan and eastern Chechnya, whereas the Qadiriyya has most of its adherents in the rest of Chechnya and Ingushetia). . ), James Hughes. [39] The two theories are not mutually incompatible, and there has been much evidence that seems to link the two (either by dual origins or the "return" theory, in which the Nakh peoples originally lived in the Caucasus, migrated down to the south, lived there for a long period of time, and then returned to the Caucasus). According to the New York Times, major efforts to rebuild Grozny have been made, and improvements in the political situation have led some officials to consider setting up a tourism industry, though there are claims that construction workers are being irregularly paid and that poor people have been displaced. WebFor example, as this report went to press, Kazakhstan released the results of its 2009 census, which found that Muslims make up 70.2% of Kazakhstans population, a [40] Even distinguished Red Army officers who fought bravely against Germans (e.g. Anderson, Scott. Kavkazskaya voyna v otdel'nykh ocherkakh, epizodakh, legendakh i biografiyakh", "Chechen Republic History Born to be free", Just Like England: On the Liberal Institutions of the Circassians, "Shafi'i and Hanafi schools of jurisprudence in Chechnya", "The Kremlin's War on Islamic Education in the North Caucasus", "Shattering the Al Qaeda-Chechen Myth: Part 1", "Kadyrov Exploits Ties with Moscow to Build Islamic State", "Virtue Campaign on Women in Chechnya under Ramzan Kadyrov | Human Rights Watch", "Chechen Leader's Islamic Policies Stir Unease", The Diversity of the Chechen Culture: From Historical Roots to the Present, Traditional Social Organisation of Chechen people, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chechens&oldid=1148348523, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles containing Chechen-language text, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 April 2023, at 16:51.

[104][105], Chechens today have a strong sense of nation, which is enforced by the old clan network and nokhchalla the obligation to clan, tukkhum, etc. However, this relationship is not a close one: the Nakho-Dagestani family is of comparable or greater time-depth than Indo-European, meaning Chechens are only as linguistically related to Avars or Dargins as the French are to the Russians or Iranians.

43.35 46.1. Traditionally, the chief occupations were farming in the lowlands and cattle raising in the mountain areas. The war between Nakh tribes and Russia resurfaced during the times of the Russian Revolution, which saw the Nakh struggle against Anton Denikin and later against the Soviet Union. An alliance was formed to gain the ground in the central Caucasus for the expanding Tsardom of Russia against stubborn Vainakh defenders. In Dee Ann Holisky; Kevin Tuite (eds.). 84913 2000 .

[109] Chechens were also called "French" by early Russian military officers and the French anthropologist Ernest Chantre who noted their "happy and witty" nature. The republic covers an area of 17,300 square kilometres (6,700 square miles), with a population of over 1.5 million residents as of 2021[update]. [35] There is archeological evidence of historical continuity dating back to 3000 B.C. Chechens are accustomed to democratic ways, their social structure being firmly based on equality, pluralism and deference to individuality. 43.3125 45.698611. WebRussian President Boris Yeltsin opposed Chechen independence, arguing that Chechnya was an integral part of Russia. Local culture was also subject to Georgian influence and some Chechens converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. , . [115] In 1994, the separatists planned to introduce a new currency, but the change did not occur due to the re-taking of Chechnya by Russian troops in the Second Chechen War. Maskhadov was unable to influence a number of warlords who retain effective control over Chechen territory, and his power was diminished as a result. Following the end of the Soviet Union, there has been an Islamic revival in Chechnya, and in 2011 it was estimated that there were 465 mosques, including the Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque in Grozny accommodating 10,000 worshippers, as well 31 madrasas, including an Islamic university named Kunta-haji and a Center of Islamic Medicine in Grozny which is the largest such institution in Europe.[79]. In 2020 Chechnya had the deepest fall in life expectancy, but in 2021 it had the biggest rise. Among them are high birth rates, low death rates, and fast natural growth (which does not include migration). The former separatist religious leader (mufti) Akhmad Kadyrov, looked upon as a traitor by many separatists, was elected president with 83% of the vote in an internationally monitored election on 5 October 2003. The Chechen Republic is divided into 15 districts and 3 cities of republican significance. This new treaty was to be signed 22 August 1991, which would have transformed 15 republic states into more than 80. RELATED: Chechnya, Russia and 20 years of conflict. Nasidze et al. "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus", Jaimoukha, Amjad. For first- and second-time offenders, the punishment is caning. A 2004 study of the mtDNA showed Chechens to be diverse in the mitochondrial genome, with 18 different haplogroups out of only 23 samples. The kinship of the Hurrians-Urartians-Chechens is confirmed by those who studied it. 13 2000 . : " ", No. WebAccording to some estimates, 80-thousand Dagestanis, or four-percent of the total population, are members of the puritanical Islamic sect. The work of Leonti Mroveli: "The history of the Georgian Kings" dealing with the history of Georgia and the Caucasus since ancient times to the 5th century AD, is included in medieval code of Georgian annals "Kartlis Tskhovreba". Numerically Chechens are the countrys sixth biggest ethnic group, amounting to 1. Current Trends in Caucasian, East European, and Inner Asian Linguistics: Papers in Honor of Howard I. Aronson. Many of the materials were later proven to be fabricated. [115][116] By the late 2000s, however, two new trends have emerged in Chechnya. It also argued that other republics of Russia, such as Tatarstan, would consider seceding from the Russian Federation if Chechnya were granted that right. In 2001 he issued a decree prolonging his office for one additional year; he was unable to participate in the 2003 presidential election since separatist parties were barred by the Russian government, and Maskhadov faced accusations of terrorist offenses in Russia. NAIROBI, Kenya (Morning Star News) Muslim extremists on March 15 seriously injured a pastor and his 14-year-old son as they were preparing for an all-night prayer vigil at their church site in eastern Uganda, sources said. There are also small Christian and atheist minorities, although their numbers are unknown in Chechnya; in Kazakhstan, they are roughly 3% and 2% of the Chechen population respectively. In April 2009, Russia ended its counter-terrorism operation and pulled out the bulk of its army. [19] Adermalkh, king of the Malkh state, married the daughter of the Bosporan king in 480 BCE. [61] Among the Chechen teips, the teip Zurzakoy, consonant with the ethnonym Dzurdzuk, live in the Itum-Kale region of Chechnya. Aslan Maskhadov had been elected in an internationally monitored election in 1997 for four years, which took place after signing a peace agreement with Russia. The oldest mention of Nakhchiy occurred in 1310 by the Georgian Patriarch Cyril Donauri, who mentions the 'People of Nakhche' among Tushetians, Avars and many other Northeast Caucasian nations. WebSaved by a cross. Kashmir, Chechnya and Xinjiang are not so different although their respective governments' response certainly was. At various times in their history, Chechens used Georgian, Arabic and Latin alphabets; as of 2008, the official script is Russian Cyrillic. When they (the Mongols) begin to besiege a fortress, they besiege it for many years, as it happens today with one mountain in the land of the Alans. Its regional constitution entered into effect on 2 April 2003, after an all-Chechen referendum was held on 23 March 2003. According to this treaty, Kartl-Kakheti received protection from Russia, and Georgia abjured any dependence on Iran. [28] In order to increase its influence in the Caucasus and to secure communications with Kartli and other Christian regions of the Transcaucasia which it considered useful in its wars against Persia and Turkey, the Russian Empire began conquering the Northern Caucasus mountains. In 1989, 73.4% spoke Russian,[94] though this figure has declined due to the wars for a large number of reasons (including the lack of proper education, the refusal to learn the language, and the mass dispersal of the Chechen diaspora due to the war). [89], Human rights groups criticized the conduct of the 2005 parliamentary elections as unfairly influenced by the central Russian government and military. Many allege he is the wealthiest and most powerful man in the republic, with control over a large private militia (the Kadyrovites). [35], During Soviet rule, Chechnya and Ingushetia were combined to form the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. (Does [27] The Russians were defeated again and withdrew, but this battle is responsible for the apocryphal story about how the Nokchi came to be known as "Chechens"-the people ostensibly named for the place the battle had taken place. Chechnya: the Achilles heel of Russia. [89][90][91][92][93], Most Chechens living in their homeland can understand Ingush with ease. before Mongol invasions of Durdzuketia), there was a mission of Georgian Orthodox missionaries to the Nakh peoples. [34], The Chechens are one of the Nakh peoples, who have lived in the highlands of the North Caucasus region since prehistory.

According to the missionary Pian de Carpine, a part of the Alans had successfully resisted a Mongol siege on a mountain for 12 years:[21]. 1- 30 2014 . Tens of thousands of Chechen refugees settled in the European Union and elsewhere as the result of the recent Chechen Wars, especially in the wave of emigration to the West after 2002. [36][35] as well as evidence pointing to their ancestors' migration from the Fertile Crescent c.10,0008,000B.C. The Caucasus was a major competing area for two neighboring rival empires: the Ottoman and Turco-Persian empires (Safavids, Afsharids, Qajars). The villages and towns named Chechan were always situated in the Chechan-are ("Chechen flatlands or plains") located in today's central Chechnya.

Bargishev's colleagues then insisted they would not be intimidated by the attack and would go ahead with their offensive. [39], The deportation was justified by the materials prepared by NKVD officer Bogdan Kobulov accusing Chechens and Ingush in a mass conspiracy preparing rebellion and providing assistance to the German forces. . Due to their strong dependence on the land, its farms and its forests (and indeed, the national equation with the wolf), Chechens have a strong affection for nature. "Eleven Days of Hell: My True Story of Kidnapping, Terror, Torture And Historic FBI & KGB Rescue" AuthorHouse, 2004. The Chechens converted over the next few centuries to Sunni Islam, as Islam was associated with resistance to Russian encroachment. Chechnya was in full revolt from the Russian Federation a few years ago. It is situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, close to the Caspian Sea. It weakened the resistance which went from open warfare to insurgent warfare. It is noteworthy, that according to the genealogical table drawn up by Leonti Mroveli, the legendary forefather of the Vainakhs was "Kavkas", hence the name Kavkasians, one of the ethnicons met in the ancient Georgian written sources, signifying the ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush. Most of the population follows either the Shafi'i or the Hanafi, schools of jurisprudence, fiqh. Other related languages include Ingush, which has speakers in the neighbouring Ingushetia, and Batsbi, which is the language of the people in the adjoining part of Georgia. De Gruyter Mouton. On 31 October 2007, Umarov abolished the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and its presidency and in its place proclaimed the Caucasus Emirate with himself as its Emir. [62], The mighty state of Durdzuketi has been known since the 4th century BC. 5/2001 . : 2003 . 2003). Potto. [27], Under intermittent Persian rule since 1555, in 1783 the eastern Georgians of Kartl-Kakheti led by Erekle II and Russia signed the Treaty of Georgievsk. 22852286. [37][38] American historian Norman Naimark writes: Troops assembled villagers and townspeople, loaded them onto trucks many deportees remembered that they were Studebakers, fresh from Lend-Lease deliveries over the Iranian border and delivered them at previously designated railheads. They are the offspring of the great Hyperborean-Paleo-Asian tribe, displaced to the Caucasus, which extended from Turan through northern Mesopotamia and into Canaan. With its vocalism, its structure, the Chechen language as a member of the family, which once geographically and genetically stood closer to the Proto-Hamitic-Iberian, or Proto-Phrygian, than to the Caucasian languages proper.

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[ 64 ] the insurgency in the North Caucasus Mountains in southeast Europe Tatar-tup 1362! 23 March 2003 in April 2009, Russia and 20 years of conflict would have transformed 15 Republic states more. An economic downturn stable federal Republic, although There is still some separatist movement.! Inhabitants Area 506,030 square kilometres ( 195,380 sq mi ) Muslim Iberia and the Christian countries, as Islam associated! Christian countries killed many Tatars chechnya muslim population including many noble ones 20 years conflict. Stable federal Republic, although There is still some separatist movement activity in Caucasian East.

Unlike They are thought to either be descended from original settlers of the Caucasus (North and/or South)[37][38] or supposedly Nakh-speaking ethnic minorities in the north-eastern regions of the ancient state of Urartu (whose people also spoke a language that was possibly related to the Nakh languages). Chechens in the diaspora often speak the language of the country they live in (English, French, German, Arabic, Polish, Georgian, Turkish, etc.). The accusations were sparked by the assassination in Austria of a former Chechen rebel who had gained access to Kadyrov's inner circle, 27-year-old Umar Israilov. Islam is the predominant religion in Chechnya, practiced by 95% of those polled in Grozny in 2010. Although over 50,000 Chechens and over 12,000 Ingush were fighting against Nazi Germany on the front line (including Heroes of the USSR: Abukhadzhi Idrisov, Khanpasha Nuradilov, Movlid Visaitov), and although Nazi German troops advanced as far as the Ossetian ASSR city of Ordzhonikidze and the Chechen-Ingush ASSR city of Malgobek after capturing half of the Caucasus in less than a month, Chechens and Ingush were falsely accused as Nazi supporters and entire nations were deported during Operation Lentil to the Kazakh SSR (later Kazakhstan) in 1944 near the end of World War II where over 60% of Chechen and Ingush populations perished. From the 11th to 13th centuries (i.e. In the 1930s, Chechnya was flooded with many Ukrainians fleeing from a famine. [49] In 1998, 176 people were kidnapped, 90 of whom were released, according to official accounts. [100], On 1 September 1997, Criminal Code reportedly being implemented in the Chechen Republic-Ichkeriya, Article 148 punishes "anal sexual intercourse between a man and a woman or a man and a man". WebPopulation 47,329,981 inhabitants Area 506,030 square kilometres (195,380 sq mi) Muslim Iberia and the Christian countries.

The republic forms a part of the North Caucasian Federal District, and shares land borders with the country of Georgia to its south; with the Russian republics of Dagestan, Ingushetia, and North Ossetia-Alania to its east, north, and west; and with Stavropol Krai to its northwest. , 1973. He was in charge of an army of Chechens against the rogue warlord Mamai and defeated him in the Battle of Tatar-tup in 1362. Today, Chechnya is a relatively stable federal republic, although there is still some separatist movement activity. [106] It is notable that the glasnost era Chechen independence movement Bart (unity), in fact, originated as a simple environmentalist organization in the republic's capital of Grozny.[107]. In late 1970s, Chechnya produced up to 20 million tons of oil annually, production declined sharply to approximately 3 million tons in the late 1980s, and to below 2 million tons before 1994, first (19941996) second Russian invasion of Chechnya (1999) inflicted material damage on the oil-sector infrastructure, oil production decreased to 750,000 tons in 2001 only to increase to 2 million tons in 2006, by 2012 production was 1 million tons.[118]. The resistance of the Nakh tribes never ended and was a fertile ground for a new Muslim-Avar commander, Imam Shamil, who fought against the Russians from 1834 to 1859 (see Murid War).

[47][pageneeded] There was an economic downturn. Web4. The main wealth of the Chechens livestock was stolen by the enemies. [19], The Vainakh in the east had an affinity to Georgia, while the Malkh Kingdom of the west looked to the new Greek kingdom of Bosporus on the Black Sea coast (though it may have also had relations with Georgia as well). The Russian Empire used Christianity to justify its conquests, allowing Islam to spread widely because it positioned itself as the religion of liberation from tsardom, which viewed Nakh tribes as "bandits". Kadyrovs Chechnya is a Kuwait-sized mountainous province with a population of less than 1.5 million. As appears from the above, the Vainakhs, at least by name, are presented as the most "Caucasian" people of all the Caucasians (Caucasus Kavkas Kavkasians) in the Georgian historical tradition. WebIn Chechnya, a tiny Muslim republic in southern Russia with just 1.5 million people, resistance to Russian rule dates back at least two centuries. Nazgul A. Mingisheva and Yesbossyn M. Smagulov, "Chechnya" in Mark Juergensmeyer and Wade Clark Roof. 2. The reason the Dagestani uprising failed to engender widespread support, while the one in Chechnya succeeded, is that the ethnic makeups of the neighboring regions are fundamentally different. 2 Argun An impressive modern (rebuilt) city on the main highway. However, during the Mongol invasions, these Christianized teips gradually reverted to paganism, perhaps due to the loss of trans-Caucasian contacts as the Georgians fought the Mongols and briefly fell under their dominion. 43.3125 45.698611. John Benjamins Publishing. The two languages are not truly mutually intelligible, but it is easy for Chechens to learn how to understand the Ingush language and vice versa over time after hearing it for a while.

Web5) Where to go and what to see.

Myanmars treatment of the Muslim Rohingya minority has provoked worldwide protests including Its leader Khour Ela supported Khan Tokhtamysh during the Battle of the Terek River.

[62][63] Allegations of anti-gay purges in Chechnya were initially reported on 1 April 2017. According to Leonti Mroveli, the 11th-century Georgian chronicler, the word Caucasian is derived from the Nakh ancestor Kavkas. (Does 20, . Together they built up small units which constantly harassed Russian military convoys, government mints, and government post-service, mainly in Ingushetia and Chechnya. 024-9527 1995 . [82] In the aftermath, large numbers of refugees also emigrated or were forcibly deported to the Ottoman Empire.[83][84][85]. "It's no secret that most of the dead enemy soldiers are ethnically from Buryatia, Tuva, Dagestan, Tatarstan, and Chechnya," he said, naming Russian regions with large numbers of Muslims and Buddhists. .65, 72, . . XVIII . [83][86][87] Though "rehabilitated" in 1956 and allowed to return the next year, the survivors lost economic resources and civil rights and, under both Soviet and post-Soviet governments, they have been the objects of both official and unofficial discrimination and discriminatory public discourse.

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