characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

"Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." In addition, the GOE continues to invest heavily in the expansion of the sugar industry, which is slated to be privatized in the near future with the aim of become one of the top ten sugar producers in the world over the next decade. [10] This has raised fears of food being exported to more prosperous countries while the local population faces its own shortage. Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. Agriculture is defined as the purposeful tending of animals and plants.It provides: basic food supplies for the population; raw materials like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds, etc. [7], Although the issue of land reform was not addressed until the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, the government had tried to introduce programs to improve the condition of farmers. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. After 1975 the revolutionary government used peasant associations to accelerate conservation work throughout rural areas. As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. The food deficit estimate for the 198589 period indicated that production averaged about 6 million tons while demand reached about 10 million tons, thus creating an annual deficit of roughly 4 million tons. Since the 2000s, Ethiopia has emerged as one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. Agricultural equipment and systems, such as tractors, irrigation equipment, and grain handling Infrastructure like, silos, cold storage facilities, etc. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave3, 2015-2016. More background information on the cotton situation in Ethiopia can be found in our cotton report from 2019/20. In Ethiopia's lowlands, for example, the presence of malaria kept farmers from settling in many areas. [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. [7], Ethiopia's estimated livestock population is often said to be the largest in Africa. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. Section D. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. Ethiopia: Urban Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation. Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. For this to happen, the government will need to guarantee sufficient allocations of foreign exchange. The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. Mengistu told the 1989 WPE party congress that at US$0.32 per kilogram, foreign-exchange earnings from coffee would have dropped by 240 million Birr, and government revenue would have been reduced by 140 million Birr by the end of 1989. The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. The GOE has approved two different varieties of Bt cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. [7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. Kassaye Tolassa . Wubne, Mulatu. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . Agriculture >. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. The Blue Nile River. Section D. Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. [7], While efforts are being made to intensify and industrialize the sector, questions arise as to how Ethiopia can develop and expand its livestock population when Ethiopians already struggle to gain access to good soil, grazing land, and water. These conditions include basic agricultural production potentials, access to input and output markets, and local population densities which represent both labor availability and local demand for food. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. [7], Ensete, known locally as false banana, is an important food source in Ethiopia's southern and southwestern highlands. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Section D. <i>Objective</i>. Both animals have high sales value in urban centers, particularly during holidays such as Easter and New Year's Day. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) In the same fiscal year, 707,059.29 hectares under cultivation produced 6,169,279.99 quintals of oilseeds, an increase from the previous year of 4,970,839.57 quintals grown on 741,790.98 hectares. . To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . In order to reduce the severity of this problem, several agricultural development strategies have been implemented since the 1960's. Consequently, Ethiopia became a net importer of grain worth about 243 million Birr annually from 198384 to, 198788. Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. [7], The plains and low foothills west of the highlands have sandy and gray-to-black clay soils. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. However, despite substantial investments and subsidies, State Farms provided only 4.2% of the cereal production in 198889. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). This modest increase, however, was not enough to offset a general decrease in GDP during the same period. Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. Although the AMC had agents in all regions, it was particularly active in the major cereal producing regions, namely, Gojjam, Shewa, Arsi, and Gondar. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. The report includes the market size, recent trends, industry statistics, and analysis. This article is the second in a series that seek to examine the role of agriculture as a developmental opportunity for Africa. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. Grain is an essential part of the Ethiopian diet. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. But with proper drainage and conditioning, these soils have excellent agricultural potential. The Awash River basin supports many large-scale commercial farms and several irrigated small farms. The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia. For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. Ethiopias development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. According to Ethiopia farming, this ploughing the land to prepare the soil for sow requires around two quarter of a year. The second type consists of brownish-to-gray and black soils with a high clay content. A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. The AMC set quotas of grain purchases to be delivered by peasant associations and cooperatives and also bought from private wholesalers, who were required to sell half of their purchases at predetermined prices. [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. These areas are used by pastoralists who move back and forth in the area following the availability of pasture for their animals. Title. Ethiopia is home to abundant livestock resources. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Yet, information regarding its extent, distribution, causes, and lime requirement at a scale relevant to subsistence farming systems is still lacking. The program, designed for rural development, was first introduced in a project called the Chilalo Agricultural Development Union. To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. Due to physical, economic and social factors the. Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. Grain production is one of the most important sub-sectors in the countrys agriculture-based economy. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. Agricultural products account for more than 90 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country . The first, found in areas with relatively good drainage, consists of red-to-reddish-brown clayey loams that hold moisture and are well endowed with needed minerals, with the exception of phosphorus. Ethiopian farmers plough their land by combining the above tools for such three months to get yearly consumed food. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. As reviewed from different literatures household demographic characteristics, household resource endowments, social, cultural, infrastructural, institutional and economic factors influence the . [7], Agricultural productivity under the Derg continued to decline. Agriculture. The MOA is supporting the development of the countrys livestock sector, which is one of the largest in Africa. When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. Contract farming, cluster approach and land consolidation, Horticulture (irrigation and urban farming), Climate resilient sustainable agricultural development. Jorge Morales Pedraza. The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). Under the Homegrown Economic Reform Program,the GOE intends to make the textile and apparel industry one of the economic engines that will propel future growth. Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. [7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. The process meant not only smaller farms but also the fragmentation of holdings, which were often scattered into small plots to give families land of comparable quality. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. The MPP included credit for the purchase of items such as fertilizers, improved seeds, and pesticides; innovative extension services; the establishment of cooperatives; and the provision of infrastructure, mainly water supply and all-weather roads. [7], Inaccessibility, water shortages, and infestations of disease-causing insects, mainly mosquitoes, prevented the use of large parcels of potentially productive land. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. <i>Results . In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. [7], Historically, Ethiopia was a rare exception in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of its special environmental circumstances, that enabled Ethiopian farmers to increase their productivity, for example by using ploughs. The AMC was a government agency whose objective was to influence the supply and price of crops. 133 8.5.2. This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. Land ownership is also a complicating factor. Public Communication Directorate Tel: +251-116-454441 Fax:+251-116-461294/465412 E-Mail:eiar@eiar.gov.et P.O.Box: 2003 Addis Ababa Ethiopia , Designed & Developed By Yonas T/birhan [2][3][4] Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. Agriculture accounts for most of (30- 42%) of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. The main objective of this review is to indicate the policy gaps in terms of access . Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . Characteristics and challenges of the Ethiopian highlands farming systems. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Research on the constraints, characteristics, and performance of the enterprise sector in low-income countries is often constrained by scarcity . In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. "National Statistical Abstract. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners.

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